Text of conference presented by Dr David Schidlowsky in memorial to Malva Marina
Conference
at the event
Malva, een oorlogskind
tusen Spaanse burgeroorlog en Deutse bezetting
De Vondelbunker
Amsterdam, 3 October 2015
De Vondelbunker
Amsterdam, 3 October 2015
David Schidlowsky
Some words
of
introduction
I would firstly like
to thank all those who
made possible this
evening and invited me in this wonderful city.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Antonio
Reynaldo.
Secondly, I would
like to clarify that until
the end of the
twentieth century
there were three
major biographies of
Pablo Neruda:
Margarita Aguirre’s Las vidas de Pablo
Neruda (1973), Emir Rodríguez Monegal’s
Neruda. El viajero inmóvil
(1977), Volodia Teitelboim’s Neruda
(1994) and an important memorial
memory by Jorge Edwards entitled Adios
poeta ... (1990). In all these
works both Neruda’s daughter Malva Marina
and his first wife Maruca Reyes were
marginal and
almost nonexistent.
I started working on
Neruda in the
nineties and published
my first book about him in
1999. In this first book, which was my
PhD thesis
about the
life of Neruda
between 1904
and 1949, I already
clarified the
fate of Malva
Marina and
Maruca Reyes
during this period,
also including the life of
Malva Marina.
But it was a
small edition.
It was not before the late 2003 that I pubished my full biography of
Pablo Neruda in two volumes. I asked a rich
friend of mine, if he
could finance a private
edition of 80 copies,
that I sent for nothing to many
known nerudistas
in France, Italy,
Germany, Argentina, Mexico
and Chile
etc. and a few newspapers.
The book
had a very large
success and was
discussed
controversially. From February 2004 on it was
present in the discusions about the poet. Two major
discussions emerged
out of the confrontation with my
book: first, my
discoveries about the
behavior of Neruda and the destiny of Maruca
Reyes and Malva Marina,
the only daughter of Neruda;
and, second, Neruda's relationship with
the communist movement
and the Stalinism.
Due to this success, in 2008 the publishers RiL
editores in Santiago de Chile, published an updated and enlarged
edition of my biography of Neruda entitled
Pablo Neruda y su tiempo. Las furias y las
penas, in two volumes, which
again was
accompanied with
various reviews
and articles on
different countries.
My purpose in writing
this biography was
not to exalt the
greatness and to
silence the miseries
of Neruda, but
to grasp the
essence of his life and
chores. I do not
intend to judge the
poet; I am only trying
to find an approach to
the human being,
to the poet and
politician that Pablo
Neruda was.
This conference tries to clarify only a part of the
relationship between Neruda and his first wife Maruca Reyes (the
years 1933-43) and the life of the daughter Malva Marina (1934-43).
Maruca
Reyes and Malva Marina in
the shadow of Neruda.
From Argentina to the Netherlands (1933-43)
In August 1933, Pablo Neruda was appointed consul
in Buenos Aires. At
the end of the month Neruda and Maruca Reyes went to Buenos Aires,
where Neruda took up office on September 2. Although they moved into
an attractive apartment, Neruda and Maruca’s marriage problems were
not banned. Maruca did not accept the way of life of the poet and
Consul. As in Santiago before, she also disapproved the boozy night
life of the poet and the evening events in cafes in Buenos Aires.
The kitchen of the apartment where they lived was
legendary: a large room, with a floor made of white marble with fine
edges of blue ceramic. Soon they got a visit, the Chilean writer
María Luisa Bombal. She was the only friend Marucas at that time.
Another witness of the time was the Chilean writer María Yáñez
Flores. She describes a scene which she has witnessed:
"After dinner Neruda suggested to end the
evening in "Signo", a writers center. Then Maruca
disappeared into the bedroom, while she gave a sign to Neruda. He
followed her. Shortly afterwards we heard the screams of an excited
dispute... Neruda and Maruca came out of the bedroom, he the saddest
Indian, she still shaken with anger".1
A short time later Maruca became pregnant and the
situation at home became even tenser. The pregnancy was difficult
and, although Neruda got a new job in Barcelona, the pregnancy forced
him to postpone the trip to Europa. The first months where
complicated for Maruca,
and to take a trip was difficult, especially when we consider that
Maruca probably had already had once a miscarriage in Batavia.
[The problems of this time are reflected in Neruda's poem "Maternity (Maternidad)", from his book “Residence on earth”.]
[The problems of this time are reflected in Neruda's poem "Maternity (Maternidad)", from his book “Residence on earth”.]
In Buenos Aires Neruda met the Spanish poet
Federico García Lorca. This encounter should have had great
influence on his entire poet life.
Later, the problems with the
pregnancy and the situation
of Maruca calmed
down and they could
travel. So by the
end of May 1934, Neruda and Maruca came to Barcelona.
Despite the pregnancy, the relationship
between Neruda and Maruca was almost
broken; the
initial love of their life together barely remained.
Soon Neruda
realized that his
place was not
in Barcelona
but rather in
Madrid, the
cultural center
of the country, where
there were almost all of his
friends. So he
managed to get
the post of
cultural attaché
at the embassy in
Madrid.
Neruda and
the still pregnant
Maruca Reyes
moved into an apartment,
which was to
become famous
later in
the poems of the
poet: in
the "House
of Flowers" ("Casa
de las flores").
Shortly after they
had set up
in Madrid,
on August 18,
1934 Malva
Marina was
born, the only
child that Neruda
ever had. The
joy did not
remain long, because Malva
Marina was born with a water
head.
For the poet
and his wife
Maruca this
was a painful
experience, which
they could never
get over. In
addition to this, the relationship between
Neruda and
Maruca did
not improve after
the birth of the
daughter as
hoped, but rather
got even worse.
At that time Delia
del Carril
came into Neruda’s
life, and
over time she
became increasingly important
for him. Delia
del Carril
came from the
province of Buenos
Aires, she was
a communist, had
studied avant-garde
art in
Paris -
and was
almost twenty
years older than Neruda
(Maruca was almost 4 years older than the poet).
This did
not prevent them
from beginning
a relationship. For
Neruda this
relationship turned out to be a kind of
help and
rescue.
The attraction
between the two was
such that Delia
started to live
in the house of
Neruda and
Maruca. According to some
biographers she
fetched him
"to bed".
Delia was also
his "secretary",
she typed his
poems on the machine, and
sometimes she
corrected them
when she
thought that some verses
appeared
superfluous -
a role that
Maruca could
not assume,
even because
of her lack of language
and education, or simply due
of her totally
different personality.
In February 1935 Maruca sent a letter to the
parents and the sister of Neruda in Chile. It is an interesting
letter because
it is one of
the few examples
of Maruca’s
thinking at that
time. She
writes in
Castilian. Here
the part
of the letter where she talks about
Malva. It
is still not
clear if she
really knew the true health condition of
the Malva Marina:
“Malva is
5 1/2 months
now and
is very sweet.
She has grown and
fatted too much.
She was born with
47 cm. and now
she is 71 cm
high, what
scares me a lot,
because I will feel
bad if
she will be
as tall as me.
She is a very
happy girl that
never cries
and is smiling
all the time.
Everyone loves
her and
finds her pretty
and smart. A
few days ago she
started to eat porridge like an
adult...
She also drinks
orange juice, tomatoes
and grape with sugar
and a few drops
of cod
liver oil. She
is doing a UV
treatment
to give force for
their
bones,
which is
good for
health
in general”.2
The next
time in the life
of Maruca and Neruda
is going to be
coined by the closer
relationship between Nerudas and
Delia del
Carril, the
problems in
the marriage of the couple Maruca-Neruda,
and the development
problems of the
daughter Malva
Marina.
In September/October 1935 Neruda published the
full version of his book “Residence on earth” (Residencia en la
tierra), one of his most important publications. The poems of this
book represented ten years of work and had
a great repercussion in Spain. Many
of the texts on this book are
written in a strange and complex
style that,
rather than
clarifying the message,
shows the poet’s mood
at that time. Loneliness,
pain and sadness
are the issues
with which the poet
approaches the
cusp of a
process of negation
of life. Several poems in this book give
expression to an extreme
despair,
emptiness and to
an aggressive dismantling
of existence. At
least three poems in this book reflect
the illness of Malva Marina, and the problems between Maruca and
Neruda: “Melancolía en las familias” (Melancholy
in families), “Maternidad” (Maternity)
and “Enfermedades en mi casa” (Diseases
at home).
There are evidences
of this time that
describe Neruda
as a poet
that actually cannot
see or is not
willing to see the
really state of Malva Marina.
The Spanish poet and
winner of the Nobel
Prize for Literature
in 1977 Vicente Aleixandre, described years
later, a visit to Maruca an Neruda’s house in
this epoch. His
description is an important witness
and interpretation
of the
contemporary
drama of
Maruca and Neruda:
„Pablo
bended
towards
something
that looked like
a
cot.
I
saw
him
from
far
and
heard his
voice
saying Malva
Marina,
can
you hear me?
Come
Vicente,
come! Look
how
wonderful.
My
daughter.
The
most beautiful
in
the world.
....
He looked
happy
to
the cot.
He
had
a
happy smile and
there was a blind
softness
in
his
deep
voice...
I
came
...
See,
see.
I
came
closer
and
then the
cot finally revealed its content.
A big
head,
a
relentless
head
that
had eaten
the
facial
features
and
was
just
that:
a cruel
head,
grown
without
compassion,
without
interruption
to
the
loss
of
fate.
A
creature
(was
she one?), to
which
was
not
possible to look
without
pain.
A
lot of
stuff
in
disorder. I
was
pale,
I
looked up,
I
mumbled some sounds towards those who were awating for my reaction
and I put on a mask wearing something like a smile.
Pablo
hat
a bright expression,
radiated
unreality,
dream,
and
his
dreaming
had
the
strength
of
the stone,
the
pride
of his
happiness,
the
thanksgiving
to
a
gift from heaven.
I
was able to understand, but I cannot explain it.”3
It’s not a simple
description.
Another description of this time is made by the
Secretary of the
Chilean
Consulates Luis
Enrique Délano. He
remembers Malva Marina with these words:
“...a pale
girl with dark
hair and dark eyes, like those of Neruda.
Perhaps she had the facial shape from Maruca... I remember Malva in
her crib and in the pram where the mother took her to the park....
She did not speak, she only looked with her big and sweet eyes, like
frightened. And she sang! Her mother, who was a very
good singer, she had taught her to sing and
the girl followed the melody
of the songs also with a very good ear”.4
1936. The situation
in the Spanish capital
was increasingly
dangerous. Almost
every day there
were raids,
more and more
strikes and
shootings in
the streets (a
stray bullet crashed
through the window
of the apartment
of Federico
García Lorca5).
In the face of the uncertain
situation in
Madrid, in early
July 1936, Neruda
convinced Maruca
to go with
the daughter to
Barcelona, where the Chilean Consul
Maquieira
promised to take
care of them. Now he could live almost openly with
Delia del
Carril. 6
Days later,
on 18 July 1936,
began the Spanish
Civil War. The
war changed the
life of Neruda,
Maruca and the daughter
Malva Marina considerably. But also
the poetry of Neruda changed. The early
nihilism was
over, and he began to write a different kind of poetry, an engaged
poetry. Neruda
himself told,
when he described his
first poem of
this kind “Canto a las madres de los milicianos muertos” (Song to
the mothers of
the dead
militants), that this is
“a proletarian
poetry”7.
It is
not a poem
with a clear
political message,
but a
partisanship and
an outcry against
injustice in
Spain. Later this
poem became part of “España en el corazón” (Spain
in the heart - 1937), and “Spain
in the heart” on its side became
incorporated in the anthology
of poems “Tercera Residencia”(Third
Residence - 1947).
On November 7, 1936
Madrid was bombed
violently again.
On November 10,
Neruda traveled
from Madrid to Valencia and then to
Barcelona where
he met his wife and daughter.
8
Shortly after, Neruda moved to Marseille with his
family and in December 1936 he had to make a
difficult
decision: he definitely
broke up with his
wife Maruca and
the daughter Malva
Marina. He traveled to
Monte Carlo
and left
them in the house
of Barend van Tricht, the
groomsman on
the wedding between Neruda and Maruca
in Batavia
in 1930. He promised Maruca to send money
every month,9
a promise that he scarcely kept.
Neruda went back to Marseille and from there to
Paris and from February 1937 on he began to live openly his
relationship with Delia del Carril. In Paris he came nearer to the
communist movement. He began to work for institutions that had the
financial support of the Komintern.
We don´t know exactly if Maruca
knew the
kind of relationship
that Neruda and
Delia del Carril
had. Anyway, once she wrote a letter from Monte Carlo to the
President of Chile asking him to help the whole family returning to
Chile. She received and answer from the Secretary of State of
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He considered
repatriation with better conditions for them.10
But Neruda
has no interested
in returning
to Chile and decided to stay in
Europe. His first priorities were now his political activities for
the Spanish Republic
and the communist movement, even if this
led to conflicts
with the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because as a Consul he
was committed to
maintain
political neutrality.
Months later, in July 1937, Maruca and Malva
Marina, moved to
Den Haag, Holland
with the help of the family van Tricht. But
the money that
Neruda sent
monthly was
not enough for
the maintenance of
the mother and the sick
daughter. Maruca
had to find a work and someone who could take care of Malva Marina.
In the city of
Gouda Maruca
she found a
charitable
family, which agreed to take
care of the child. This family, Hendrik
Julsig and Gerdina Sierks with their three children, engaged a
Nanny, Nelly
Leijis, that
should be dedicated
exclusively to Malva
Marina. The
family Julsig, which Maruca learned via
the church
association “Christian Science”,11
paid Nelly Leijis from the money that they received from Maruca.
Maruca tried
to travel from
Den Hague to Gouda
at least once a
month to visit
her daughter at
the family
Julsig’s place.12
In August 1937 after his success during the II
Congress of
Writers for
Cultural Freedom (II Congreso de Escritores
por la Libertad de la Cultura) and without
the hope of getting a new position
as a Consul
of Chile, Neruda
decided to go back to Chile. He wrote a letter to his sister,
silencing the separation from Maruca and telling her that:
“Maruca remains
with the child
and with
her family in
Holland, until
we know
what will be my
destiny”.13
In September 1937 Maruca wrote a letter to the
“mamadre” (the stepmother of Neruda) saying:
“... Neftali is in his
way to Chile
and will reach
Valparaiso more
or less on the 8th
of October. He
is going to tell you everything. I hope
he will find everyone
well”.14
This letter shows that
there is no definitive
breakdown of the
marriage, at
least not from
Maruca’s side.
We do not know if Neruda
traveled to
Holland before
returning to Chile,
but a connection
must have existed because Maruca
knew the exact
travel dates of
Neruda.
Neruda’s return
to Chile in October 1937 was a triumph. At
that time he was already a
famous poet with
an international reputation. Neruda und Delia del Carril, the
Argentina communist
artist, rapidly
got integrated in
the artist,
intellectuals and
political circles
of the country.
Neruda is
strongly engaged
in the solidarity
with the
Spanish Republic
and against
all forms of fascism
in Chile.
He actively
participated in
the election
campaign of the candidate
of the Popular Front
Pedro Aguire Cerda in 1938 and he was one of the most important
intellectuals who
supported the candidacy. The election of
Pedro Aguirre Cerda changed the politics in Chile.
In the meantime Maruca found a job at the Spanish
embassy in
The Hague. Her
superior was José María Semprún Guerra,
father of the later famous Spanish writer Jorge Semprún. In February
2008, I had a conversation with Jorge Semprún. He remembers
Maruca Reyes
and the
work at the
embassy, without further details, because
at that time he was only 15 years
old. But he especially remembered that
he and the other
children named
Maruca "The
Giraffe",
because of her size.15
This is the confirmation that Maruca had a work by then, which may
not have been
well paid, and that to make
the work she
should at least
be able to speak
a little Spanish.
Over time things
got complicated. On November 18, 1938,
Maruca wrote
Neruda a bitter
letter in English.
She starts
calling him "My
dear Pig"
and appeals to Neruda not
to forget his parental
obligations, especially the monthly
payments, since her
salary was
not enough to cover
her expenses
and especially the
cost of the daughter. Maruca reminds
him of his promise
that he would always worry about
them:
“It is incredible how you are neglecting us,
especially your baby. Today is the 18th
of the month, I haven´t received yet any money from you. On the
first of the month I had to pay the board and lodging of Malva Marina
for the month of October. With my salary I can only pay a part of it;
now the poor people are still waiting desperately for the rest of it.
What a shame really! They are such good people and you treat them in
this way abusing them. What can I do with Malva Marina if one day
they say that they can´t go on this way, where should I bring her. I
will never find such good people again. .... Now I can´t even go to
see her as I haven´t got a cent, my last money will be spent to mail
this letter. And also other payments are waiting. I think you are
awful, awful, I can´t find words for it. It can´t be because you
haven´t got the money, as your position now is far better than ever
before in Chile on account of the successful election of the new
President of the Frente Popular. Also it can´t be because you can´t
find in Santiago travel checks as you told me many times... And you
promised me a thousand of times that you would always take care of
us”.16
We don´t know Neruda’s answer.
From then on the destiny of
Maruca and
Malva Marina
began to
be more and more dark
not having much repercussion in the poet’s activities.
Actually they converted into a trouble and Neruda with the time
develops indifference regarding the destiny of his wife and daughter.
When the Popular Front came into power in January
1939, Neruda was nominated Consul for
the Spanish
emigration. One of his tasks was to bring
to Chile those
Republicans who
were detained in
concentration camps in
France, but, as Neruda wrote to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was only willing to rescue those who
were “useful for
the country”.17
And Neruda acted in a discriminatory way towards another group as he
tried that no
anarchist should
be among those
who travel to Chile.
In a letter he wrote: “I have refused the
entry of
anarchists. Mexico
received them
until recently
and now they
don´t know what to do”.18
On the first of April 1939,
Francisco Franco
made his triumphal
march into Madrid and
the Spanish
Civil War
came to an end.
This had repercussions for all Spanish refugees in France, but also
for those who had worked outside
Spain for
the Republic, like in diplomatic missions. Maruca, the wife of one of
the stronger non Spanish intellectual enemies
of Franco’s
Regime, lost her work too. Whe don´t know
exactly when, but we know that this further
complicated the
economic situation
of Maruca and
Malva Marina.
After the successful
sending of a ship
with about 2.000
refugees, Neruda traveled
twice to Holland
and visited his
wife and
daughter, in August and November 1939. It
is not known if
Delia accompanied
him. No
details of
the visit are known.
We only know that it
was made, because
there is a mention of it in a letter from Maruca years later. After
the death
of Malva Marina, and when
the indifference
of Neruda
towards his wife
and daughter
became clearer,
Maruca wrote from
the occupied
Netherlands to the ambassador of Chile
in Switzerland,
who had the
responsibility for
the Chileans in
the occupied territories. Marucas says that in these visits Neruda
assured her that she
could always count on
his help.19
This was the last
time that Pablo Neruda
saw his daughter.
She was only five years old when she met her father
for the last time.
With the outbreak of
World War II, Neruda
traveled to
Chile. In
May 1940 the Netherlands
was occupied and one
of the cruelest
occupations of
Western Europe
began. One month later, on June 1940 a request for help
from Maruca
came to Santiago
through diplomatic sources.20
It is the beginning of a
stormy exchange
of letters, orders, cables and
messages that will
continue for years. On the one hand, Maruca
didn´t have a work or if she had one she did not
earn enough money to keep herself
and to maintain the diseased girl, on the other hand, Neruda not
always hold the
promise of
sending her
money.
On August 21, 1940 Neruda became the General
Consul of Chile
in Mexico
City. A few days
later, the ambassador of Chile in Berlin
(it was not until January 1943 that Chile broke relations with
Germany), wrote to Neruda that Maruca had no money
because she
couldn’t change checks.
But days later the ambassador informed that he had managed
to give Maruca the money for three months,
but that she was still waiting for the payment of the rest of the
debts.21
There are no documents
to know exactly
how the
situation of
Maruca continued
until the end of
1941. On
December 30, Neruda
received
information from
Berlin that
the situation
of Maruca was unsustainable.
She had no money
and asks for the
agreed $
100 monthly. A
few days later, Neruda responds
that he could
not fulfill his
duties due to the fact that he had missed
the promised
promotion from
the Ministry. He omits any
personal responsibility.22
Months later, Neruda
decides to seek
ways to
officially
divorce from
Maruca, and ask
a lawyer
to begin
the divorce
treatments, without the knowledge
of Maruca.
Thus, on April
24, 1942, in the
city of Cuernavaca,
the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico, the
judge Alvaro Venegas published
in the local
newspaper an
announcement where
Maruda is
requested within
three days to
answer the
divorce asked
from Neruda because
of “incompatibility
characters”. The request, published on
the May 3, added that
in case of no reply,
the divorce is going to be announce.23
Of course Maruca in the Netherlands under
Nazi German
occupation, moneyless, without
possibility to travel
with a
diseased child, could not respond
within the prescribed period,
much less to attend the
trial. There are evidences
that she did
not even found
out what happened.
For earlier biographers
before my publications, it
was hard to explain Neruda’s behavior. So
they decided, or
cited each other, that
the death of Malva
Marina had
to have happend
before the official
divorce of Neruda
from Maruca. It was falsely argued that the
daughter died
in late 1942 and that the divorce was
consummated in
1943, but, as we
see, this was not the case. By the way, the
divorce was not
accepted by the
Chilean court,
and therefore
Neruda was
married to Maruda
officially until her death
in March 1965.24
The next time on life of Maruca and Malva Marina in
the occupied Netherlands
was very difficult. In
conversation with
Antonio Reynaldos
in 2004, Frederick
Julsing, the son of
Hendrick Julsing
and Gerdina
Sierks, remembers
that “that
were very
hard years. My
father went with
his tricycle to
the field to get food.
There were air
raids and
Gouda suffered greatly.
Until now hearing
sirens reminds me
of those times”
he said.25
We preserved these memories
thanks to the research
of the Chilean author
Alejandra Gajardo,
who discovered Julsing
Frederick’s site in
internet.
On the 4th
of November Neruda received through
the Ministry in Santiago a request from Maruca
to "re-join
her husband" in Mexico.26
We do not know if
Maruca knew
the divorce
sentence made in
Mexico months before,
but with this cable
is clear that if
she knew that,
she clearly did not
accept it.
In February 1943, Neruda travelled to New York. He
made several recitals
and had a huge success with poetry
nights and interviews for radio and
newspapers. But
a message
from Holland, from the 19th
of March, should
have shaken
him. Neruda
received a message through the
Chilean
ambassador in
Bern, Carlos
Morla Lynch,
who was responsible for all
Chilean affairs
in Germany
and the
occupied
territories,
because in the meantime, Chile had broken the relationship with
Germany. That message he was given came from Maruca
Reyes, who
informed him that the
daughter Malva
Marina had
passed away in
Holland on
March 2, 1943
"without pain".27
Maruca expresses
again the request to go
back to
her husband. This is another proof that
perhaps she did
not know that
they were already
divorced by
Mexican law.
Neruda never expressed grief over the
death of his daughter. As far as we know,
he never wrote something, not a poem not a remark about it. Was the
political fight more important than the destiny of his Child? This is
one of the greatest
mysteries in the
life of the Chilean poet.
The following
period in
the life of Neruda
is characterized
by a dichotomy
difficult to explain.
On the one hand
his apathetic
relationship with the destiny
of Maruca
Reyes, who
lived in the Netherlands
at the time of German Nazi
occupation, and
on the other side
his open
solidarity with the battle
of the Soviet Union.
In the
period that followed, he
stood fully
and steadily available to the
communist cause,
notwithstanding the fact
that he was obliged
as a diplomat, to maintain political
neutrality.
In May 1943, Neruda’s
life reached
the lowest point,
a deep inhuman
level. Maruca
Reyes asked
to be
transferred to
Chile, to
come out
from the occupied
Netherland, after the death
of their daughter.
The Chilean
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
gave a positive feedback on
her request. But
Neruda refused
to give the
consent, and even
threatened to
break off completely the support that he
gave her. Neruda
does this knowing
about the difficult situation
in the
occupied
Netherlands, as
reflected in his
poem "New love
song to
Stalingrad"
(written and pubished a few months earlier).28
Maruca will remain
fighting to survive under
Nazi occupation. We don´t know how she
survived, but we know that she took
care of the grave
of Malva Marina till the end of her life in 1965. On the other side,
we do not know if Neruda ever visited the
grave of Malva Marina.
The grave survived the years by miracle, and was
discover by Gim Klatser in 2003 in the city of Gouda. But this is
another story.
2
Letter from Madrid from the 3 of February 1935. In: Reyes, Bernardo:
“Neruda. Retrato de familia 1904-1920”. San
Juan Puerto Rico, 1996, p. 125-126.
3
The text with the name „Mit Pablo Neruda“ was published 1987.
Here from: Revista
Atenea,
N. 471, Concepción, Chile 1995.
5In:
Gibson, Ian: “Federico García Lorca”. Vol. II: “De Nueva York
a Fuente grande (1929-1936). Barcelona 1987, p. 434.
6In:
Sáez, Fernando: “Todo debe ser demasiado. Biografía de Delia del
Carril, La Hormiga”. Santiago de Chile 1997, p. 106.
7So
described
Neruda
the
poem
against
the
Secretary
of the
Chilean
Consulates
Luis Enrique
Délano. In:
Délano, Luis Enrique: „Sobre todo Madrid“. Santiago de Chile
1970, p. 115.
8According
to the report
from
10 November
1936
by
Maquieira
to
the Foreign Minister.
In:
Ministerio
de
Relaciones
Exteriores
de
Chile,
Archivo General Histórico, Santiago de Chile: Vol. 1499: Archivo
Confidencial 1936.
9
From a letter that Neruda send to Delia del Carril on 10 December
1936. In:
Fundación Neruda, Casa-Museo La Chascona, Santiago de Chile,
Sección Biblioteca y Archivo: Correspondencia Neruda.
10
Letter from 17. April
1937 send to Monte Carlo. In:
Fundación Neruda, Casa-Museo La Chascona, Santiago de Chile,
Sección Biblioteca y Archivo: Correspondencia Neruda.
11
One
in
1875
by
Mary
Baker-Eddy
founded
sect
that spread a doctrine
of salvation “that
sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone”.
(wikipedia)
12
From conversations that I had in Holland 2005. Besides
that: Jara, Ximena: “La ruta de Malva Marina, tras la pista de la
hija de Pablo Neruda”. In El
mostrador,
9 September 2005; Gajardo, Alejandra: “M. Antonia Hagenaar. Una
mujer con tres sombreros”. In:
Fibra,
N.32, Santiago de Chile 2005.
13
Letter from 20 August 1937. In: Neruda, Pablo: “Cartas a Laura”.
Madrid 1978, p. 66.
14
Letter from 2 September 1937. In: Reyes,
Bernardo: “Neruda. Retrato
de familia 1904-1920”. San Juan Puerto Rico, 1996, p. 128.
15
The conversation take place im Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut,
6.2.2008, when Semprum open the exposition “España en el
corazón”.
16
Letter in: Fundación Neruda, Casa-Museo La Chascona, Santiago de
Chile, Sección Biblioteca y Archivo: Correspondencia Neruda.
17
Letter from 19
April 1939. In:
Fundación
Neruda, Casa-Museo La Chascona, Santiago de Chile, Sección
Biblioteca y Archivo: Correspondencia Neruda.
18
Letter from 19 June 1939. In : Fundación Neruda, Casa-Museo La
Chascona, Santiago de Chile, Sección Biblioteca y Archivo:
Correspondencia Neruda.
19
Letter from 8 September 1943. In: Fundación Neruda, Casa-Museo La
Chascona, Santiago de Chile, Sección Biblioteca y Archivo:
Correspondencia Neruda.
20
Comunication from 5 Jun 1940. In: Archivo Nacional de Chile,
Sección Siglo XX, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, cables
cambiados Mision Alemania s/n, 1940.
21
Letter in: Fundación Neruda, Casa-Museo La Chascona, Santiago de
Chile, Sección Biblioteca y Archivo: Correspondencia Neruda.
22
Letters from 30.9.1941 and 2-3 January 1942. In:
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Archivo General Histórico,
Santiago de Chile, Vol. 1884, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores:
Sección Clave: Archivo Confidencial: cables cambiados Consulares
américa 1941.
24
Explained
at
length in:
Schidlowsky, David: “Pablo Neruda y su tiempo. Las
furias y las penas”. Santiago de Chile 2008, p. 532-533.
25 From: El secreto mejor guardado de Neruda. Descubierto el rostro de Malva Marina, la única hija del poeta. In: El Cultural, Madrid, 22.9.2015
26
In: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Archivo General Histórico,
Santiago de Chile, Vol. 1978: Consulados de Chile en América,
Telegramas enviados 1942.
27In:
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile, Archivo General
Histórico, Santiago de Chile: Vol. 2166: Ministerio de Relaciones
Exteriores, Archivo Confidencial, Cables recibidos de la Legación
en Suiza, 1943.
28
More in: Schidlowsky, David 2008: „Pablo Neruda y su tiempo.
Las furias y las penas. Santiago de Chile 2008, p. 552-54.
